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Smoke-filled rooms and pigs for president: Chicago has hosted decades of conventions

Workers prepare the convention floor at United Center before the Democratic National Convention Sunday, Aug. 18, 2024, in Chicago.
Paul Sancya
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AP
Workers prepare the convention floor at United Center before the Democratic National Convention Sunday, Aug. 18, 2024, in Chicago.

Updated August 20, 2024 at 05:00 AM ET

Chicago is hosting thousands of Democratic Party delegates who have gathered to ceremonially nominate Kamala Harris for president at their party’s convention.

Conventions provide a rare, quadrennial glimpse into the partisan political process and their role has changed over the decades. With Harris taking over the presidential ballot from Joe Biden at the ninth hour, it’s a chance for Americans to witness a bit more how conventions used to select presidential candidates before primary elections became the determining factor.

“This used to be done in smoke-filled rooms by just the elites,” says Nicole Hemmer, a presidential historian at Vanderbilt University. “Powerful party leaders needed to gather in the same place to decide who the nominee should be.”

A disproportionate amount of that precedent-setting presidential history happened in Chicago. And this month’s DNC gathering is the 26th time that Chicago has hosted a major party presidential nominating convention

The Lincoln miracle

This picture of Abraham Lincoln appeared on the poster used in his presidential campaign in 1860.  The original photo is in the Chicago Historical Society.
AP /
This picture of Abraham Lincoln appeared on the poster used in his presidential campaign in 1860. The original photo is in the Chicago Historical Society.

More than a decade before the Great Fire that put Chicago on the map, it was little more than a trading hub on the edge of the western frontier, far from the coastal political establishment. Even so, Republican delegates traveled to the city in 1860 to find a candidate for president, beginning a tradition of Chicago presidential nominating conventions that would continue for the next 16 decades.

“The Republican National Committee chose Chicago because they thought it was neutral ground,” said Ed Achorn, author of The Lincoln Miracle about the 1860 convention.

”No serious presidential candidate came from Illinois.”

That provided fertile ground for a political upset. A little-known local politician named Abraham Lincoln threw his name in the ring for the presidential nomination.

Despite his reputation as “honest Abe,” Achorn says that his campaign surrogates used some callous tactics to get the underdog Lincoln ahead of the party’s favorite William Seward. After all, the Lincoln team believed that only he could win an impending civil war.

The Lincoln campaign printed counterfeit tickets to the convention and even planted actors to play Lincoln supporters, according to Achorn. That helped propel Lincoln to the top of the ballot despite the odds.

Smoke-filled rooms

“Interestingly, if the modern primary system prevailed, I think Seward would have won the nomination. He had the institutional support, he had the money. He would have been able to mount a multi-state effort,” said Achorn.

“But in those days, it was a smoke-filled room. And look what they came up with? They came up with the greatest president since George Washington,” said Achorn.

In the sixty years following Lincoln's nomination, Chicago became the go-to spot for conventions, minting candidates George B. McClellan, William Jennings Bryan, and Grover Cleveland for two terms.

By 1920, the Republicans had a good lay of the land in Chicago, with their favorite hotel rooms booked up long in advance. With a majority of American men being avid smokers, the “smoke-filled room” became a literal place where delegates could find a consensus candidate.

An intrepid young reporter named Raymond Clapper of the United Press knew this, so he camped out in the hallways of the Blackstone Hotel late at night to get the scoop of who’d be nominated.

Around midnight, Kansas Senator Charles Clapper exited room 915, reported Clapper, cigar smoke swirling around his bald head.

"Well, they are going to go for Senator [Warren G.] Harding," Curtis told Clapper. "They can all agree on him."

Clapper is credited in the article that came out that morning with coining “smoke-filled room” as an idiom that’s now cemented in political discourse.

Delegates carrying state standards and placards  proclaiming "We Want Roosevelt" and "Give Us Roosevelt" jammed the aisles in the Chicago Stadium after President Roosevelt was nominated for a third term at the Democratic Convention on July 17, 1940.  Chicago has played host to 24 major-party conventions since 1860.
AP / AP
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AP
Delegates carrying state standards and placards proclaiming "We Want Roosevelt" and "Give Us Roosevelt" jammed the aisles in the Chicago Stadium after President Roosevelt was nominated for a third term at the Democratic Convention on July 17, 1940. Chicago has played host to 24 major-party conventions since 1860.

The Chicago machine

By 1940, a Chicago convention rewrote American political tradition again. Chicago Mayor Ed Kelly, a staunch Democrat, felt that President Franklin Delano Roosevelt should run for an unprecedented third term.

Kelly had made a name for himself as chief engineer of the city’s sewer system, leveraging clean water and an army of loyal Irish workers to get his way in politics, both locally and nationally. He created a system of governance that the city still refers to as “Machine politics.”

When that year’s convention came to Chicago, Kelly’s sewer workers packed the stands at the Chicago Stadium, says local historian John Schmidt.

“The Sewer Commissioner had a hookup in the basement where he’d chant, ‘we want Roosevelt, we want Roosevelt,’” and of course, all the people in the stands repeated ‘we want Roosevelt, we want Roosevelt,” says Schmidt, whose grandfather was among those chanting sewer workers.

As he became the presidential nominee, Vice President Richard Nixon supporters cheered at the Republican National Convention in Chicago in July 1960.
AP /
As he became the presidential nominee, Vice President Richard Nixon supporters cheered at the Republican National Convention in Chicago in July 1960.

“Roosevelt was popular, but this whole spontaneous demonstration was obviously orchestrated,” added Schmidt.

The Machine’s shenanigans carried into the 1960s, when Mayor Richard J. Daley, known as “Chicago’s boss” hosted the Republican convention in 1960. After Republicans nominated Richard Nixon, they accused Daley of committing massive voter fraud to skew the election in favor of Democrat John F. Kennedy in the general election.

A turbulent convention era

The 1968 Democratic National Convention marked a turning point. After the recent assassinations of civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. and presidential hopeful Robert F. Kennedy, many Americans began to feel disenfranchised by closed political systems. When Democrats came to Chicago in 1968 to find a nominee to replace Kennedy, young activists blamed Machine politics for perpetuating the Vietnam war.

“We were wired to make our voices heard…and the Chicago cops were wired to do something to stop us,” says Judy Gumbo, an organizer with the Youth International Party, one of the organizers of the mass protest movement.

The Yippies, as they were known, even brought forth their own candidate for the presidency, a pig they dubbed “Pigasus.”

“We used humor and satire…[to criticize] the power structure,” says Gumbo, “but the cops beat people up.”

In this 1968 file photo, Chicago Police attempt to disperse demonstrators outside the Conrad Hilton, which served as the Democratic National Convention headquarters, on Aug. 29, 1968 in Chicago. (AP Photo/Michael Boyer, File)
Michael Boyer / AP
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AP
In this 1968 file photo, Chicago Police attempt to disperse demonstrators outside the Conrad Hilton, which served as the Democratic National Convention headquarters, on Aug. 29, 1968 in Chicago. (AP Photo/Michael Boyer, File)

Mayor Daley was so embarrassed about the protests outside, that he mobilized the National Guard to arrest hundreds of activists. He infamously ordered the Chicago Police Department to “shoot to kill” anybody they might see as a “potential murder.”

Democrats felt the chaos inside of the stadium, too. One prominent delegate even compared the Daley administration to the Gestapo, Nazi Germany’s secret police.

Many historians point to the 1968 convention as the impetus for moving the presidential nominating process away from closed-door meetings to the ballot box. Nearly every state party now uses primary voting or caucusing to determine their preferred nominee.

“So the nominating conventions have become sort of coronation ceremonies,” says Hemmer.

That will even be the case for Kamala Harris, who was actually nominated in a virtual roll call on July 30. Even though Joe Biden won the primary elections, he endorsed Harris and his delegates committed to her weeks before the convention.

A new era of conventions

In this 1996 file photo, President Clinton, first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and their daughter Chelsea enjoy the festivities on stage at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago's United Center.
J. Scott Applewhite / AP
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AP
In this 1996 file photo, President Clinton, first lady Hillary Rodham Clinton and their daughter Chelsea enjoy the festivities on stage at the Democratic National Convention in Chicago's United Center.

After 1968, it took decades for another convention to come to Chicago. In 1996, Mayor Richard M. Daley, the first Mayor Daley’s son, hosted the Democratic National Convention that nominated Bill Clinton for a second term. In an attempt to rehabilitate the city’s image, that year’s convention went off without incident.

Now, as Chicago hosts its 26th major party presidential convention, delegates are gathering at the United Center to go through the motions of selecting Kamala Harris and Tim Walz to head the Democratic ballot.

Even though conventions have become far more transparent and democratic over the decades, some groups are still wired to have their voices represented. A group called the Poor People’s Army won a permit on a legal technicality to march up to the doors of the United Center.

“This is a show of strength, and an irrevocable step away from the Democratic party machine,” says Andy Wills, Andrew Willis is a local organizer for that group.

The 2024 convention organizers see outside groups’ interest in the convention as evidence of a robust electoral process.

Copyright 2024 NPR

Julian Hayda